Pathopedia-India.com       

    Hemodynamic Disorder

Custom Search

June  2009

Histopathology-India.net

diagnostichistopathology. blogspot.com

Pathopedia-India.com

Surgical-Pathology.com

Pathology-India.com

Pancreatic Pathology Online

Gall Bladder Pathology Online

Paediatric Pathology Online

Paraganglioma-Online

Endocrine Pathology Online

Eye Pathology Online

Ear Pathology Online

Cardiac Path Online

Lung Tumour-Online

Mesothelioma-Online

Pulmonary Pathology Online

Nutritional Pathology Online

Environmental Pathology Online

Pathology Quiz Online

Dermpath-India

GI Path Online

Soft Tissue Pathology

Case Index

Infectious Disease Online; INDEX: A-D ; INDEX: E-L ; INDEX: M-P INDEX: Q-Z ; FUNGAL DISEASE ; VIRAL DISEASE.

E-book - History of  Medicine with special reference to India.

Basic Pathology Blog

PRIMARY TUMOURS OF THE HEART

REPORTING OF CARDIAC TUMOURS

PAPILLARY FIBROELASTOMA

CARDIAC LIPOMA

CARDIAC PARAGANGLIOMA

             

Normal Fluid Balance:

60% of the body weight is water and is present in 3 compartments: 

1. Intracellular -  40%

2. Extracellular - 15%

3. Blood plasma - 5%

Water absorbed from stomach and intestine enters blood some of this water is lost in urine and exhaled air and the rest passes to intercellular fluid, and then to intracellular fluid carrying nutrition. Water moves in reverse direction from intracellular fluid to blood carrying waste products and excreted via excretory mechanism (skin, kidney, lung, intestine etc.).

Three compartments are separated from each another by semi-permeable membranes (endothelium and cell membrane), which allow the movements of water and electrolytes but not the colloids (i.e. protein molecules).

Percentage of distribution of water in blood and in tissue cells is almost constant, which is maintained at the expense of intercellular fluid.

Hence intercellular fluid is variable and may be increased, called edema or diminished, called dehydration.

Body fluid in three compartments is in continuous movement.

This is mainly regulated by two opposing forces i.e. hydrostatic pressure of blood, and osmotic pressure of plasma proteins.

Normally, at the arterial end of the capillary bed, the hydrostatic pressure (32 mmHg.) is greater than osmotic pressure of plasma proteins (25 mmHg.), so that the water and electrolytes diffuse out from the vessels in to the interstitial tissue. At the venous end of the capillary bed osmotic pressure (25 mmHg.) is greater than the hydrostatic pressure (12 mmHg.) due to increased concentration by fluid loss and hence the fluid is reabsorbed from the interstitial tissue into the vessels at this end. Some of the interstitial fluid is drained by the lymph vessels in to the veins. 

           

Normal fluid volume is maintained by two organs: 

1. Kidneys: act through two ways:

     i)   Posterior Pituitary by liberating ADH.

When there is increased plasma osmotic pressure, it acts on the osmoreceptor cells in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, causing release of ADH into the general circulation. ADH acts on the collecting tubules of kidney causing more absorption of free water.

    ii)   Adrenal steroid - aldosterone:

Aldosterone causes tubular absorption of Na+ and excretion of K+.

Retention of Na+ raises osmotic pressure of blood plasma, which in turn activates the osmoreceptors to stimulate the secretion of ADH.

2. Heart:

Expansion or contraction of fluid volume in the body, particularly the blood volume, activates the cardiac stress receptor, situated in the wall of the left atrium.

Cardiac stress receptor influences aldosterone secretion and cause the kidney to increase or decrease the excretion of salt and water.

                               

Custom Search

Pulmonary Pathology Online

Anatomical Distribution of Pulmonary Disease

Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid  Malformation

Chondroid Hamartoma

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Complications of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis (Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Bronchial Asthma

Bronchiectasis

Chronic Bronchitis

Emphysema

Bronchiolitis

Lipid Pneumonia (Paraffinoma)

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Other forms of  Pulmonary Embolism

Pulmonary Infarction

Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary Collapse (Atelectasis) and Pneumothorax

Pulmonary Edema

Pulmonary Hemorrhage (Eg. Goodpasture's Syndrome)

Sarcoidosis

Lymphangio leiomyomatosis

Localized Fibrous Tumour of the Pleura

Pulmonary Lymphoproliferative Disease

Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis

Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease

Biphasic Epithelial/ Mesenchymal Lung Tumours

Pulmonary Carcinosarcoma

Pulmonary Blastoma

Large Cell Neuroendocrine tumour

FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HEART

ANATOMY OF THE ATRIUM

ANATOMY OF THE VENTRICLE


                                                 Disclaimer  ;  Privacy Policy  ; Advertising Policy  ;  E-mail 

                                                           Copyright © 2009 pathopedia-india.com
                                                   
                            All rights reserved

web hit counter