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               Hemodynamic Disorder

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June  2009

Circulatory Anatomy, Physiology and Regulation

Normal Fluid Balance

Edema

Pulmonary Pathology Online

Anatomical Distribution of Pulmonary Disease

Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid  Malformation

Chondroid Hamartoma

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

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Bronchiolitis

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Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Other forms of  Pulmonary Embolism

Pulmonary Infarction

Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary Collapse (Atelectasis) and Pneumothorax

Pulmonary Edema

Pulmonary Hemorrhage (Eg. Goodpasture's Syndrome)

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Introduction

Inflammation is the protective response of the living individual  to get rid of the cause and effect of injury (microbes, toxins, necrotic tissues).

A free-living cell, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, must establish structural and functional barrier between its internal  and hostile environment.

Unicellular organisms (amoeba) selectively admit some and exclude or extrude others.

Multicellular organisms protect themselves by different cells to perform different functions.

Example:

    - Storage of nutrients (liver cells)

    - Communication (neurons)

    - Contractile activity of muscles  (heart)

    - Synthesis of proteins and peptides from exports (liver, pancreas, endocrine cells)

    - Absorption (intestine)

    - Defense against foreign invaders (neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages)

Visit: Inflammatory cells in acute and chronic inflammation ; Acute Inflammation ; Types of Acute Inflammation ; Chemical Mediators; Chronic Inflammation ; Wound Healing .

           

Inflammation is described in the Egyptian papyrus (3000BC).

In the first century, the Roman writer Celsus described 4 cardinal signs of inflammation (rubor, tumor, calor, and dolor).

The fifth cardinal sign, the functio laesa was added by Virchow.

In 1793, John Hunter noted that inflammation is not a disease  but is a beneficial response of the host.

The detail vascular changes in inflammation was recorded by Julius Cohnheim (1839- 1884).

In 1882, Elie Metchnikoff described that phagocytes engulf the offending agents to destroy and remove them (hence phagocytes accumulate in inflammation).

Paul Ehrlich described that factors in the serum is needed to neutralize the infective agents.

It soon became clear that both cellular (phagocytes) and serum factors (antibodies) are important defense against microorganisms.

Thomas Lewis established that chemical substances such as histamine locally induced by injury mediate the vascular changes in inflammation.

Thus, at the present century, knowledge of inflammation has reached from cellular age to the chemical and molecular age.

                  

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Introduction of Pathology

An outline of Diagnostic Techniques available in Pathology

Cellular Injury

Diagram showing Structural Changes in Reversible and Irreversible Cell Injury

Autolysis

Heterolysis

Necrosis

Coagulation (Coagulative) necrosis

Caseative (Caseous) necrosis

Liquefaction necrosis

Fat necrosis

Fibrinoid necrosis

Apoptosis

Gangrene

Pathologic Calcification

Hyaline Change

Atrophy

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Aplasia

Hypoplasia

Primary Hemochromatosis

Hematin

Bilirubin

Lipofuscin

Mineral Dusts

Silica

Amniotic Fluid Embolism  

Cellular Accumulations

Accumulation of Glycogen, complex lipids and carbohydrates

Pigments

Melanin

Pigments derived from Hemoproteins

Hemosiderin and Hemosiderosis

Hyperemia and Congestion

Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Embolism

Fat Embolism

Air Embolism

Decompression Sickness

Diagram showing Capillary System and Mechanisms  of Edema Formation

Morphology of Edema


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