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June  2009

Circulatory Anatomy, Physiology and RegulationNormal Fluid Balance

Edema

Diagram showing Capillary System and Mechanisms  of Edema Formation

Morphology of Edema

Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Embolism

Fat Embolism

Air Embolism

Decompression Sickness

Amniotic Fluid Embolism  

Cellular Accumulations

Accumulation of Glycogen, complex lipids and carbohydrates

Pigments

Melanin

Pigments derived from Hemoproteins

Hemosiderin and Hemosiderosis

Primary Hemochromatosis

Hematin

Bilirubin

Lipofuscin

Mineral Dusts

Silica

Urate

Amyloid

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Metaplasia

Aplasia

Hypoplasia

Atrophy

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Visit: Inflammation ; Inflammatory cells in acute and chronic inflammation ; Acute Inflammation ; Types of Acute Inflammation ; Chronic Inflammation ; Wound Healing .

Function of chemotactic agents:

1. Recognition and engulfment of microorganisms by covering it with serum protein (opsonin).

2. Activation of leucocytes causing liberation of oxygen metabolites, enzymes etc. which kills the engulfed microorganisms.

3. These liberated toxic metabolites and proteases also cause tissue damage.

Different mediators are discussed separately but they are intimately related and their actions start in sequence.

Once started, they are quickly inactivated or destroyed by enzymes or other substances, so that inflammation may not persist.

Chemical mediators may be:

1. Exogenous - microbial products or  2. Endogenous.

           

         Endogenous chemical mediators:

Early phase: 

Vasoactive amines :

1. Histamine - Source: mast cells, basophils, platelets.  Action: increases vascular permeability.

2. Serotonin (5HT)- Source: platelets.  Action: similar to histamine.

Intermediate Phase:

1. Kinin system :

Kallikrein (Plasma substrate) : i) Plasma - Bradykinin ; ii) Tissue - Kallidin.  Action: i) Pain and increased vascular permeability  ; ii) Chemotaxis of neutrophils and monocytes.

2.Compliment derivatives : Action: acts by increasing vascular  permeability and chemotaxis of neutrophils monocytes (3a and 5a called anaphylatoxin).    

3. Permeability globulin : Present in plasma. Action: similar to compliment.

4. Leukotrienes : present in all leukocytes. Action: similar to compliment.

Late phase: 

1. Prostaglandins : Liberated from all leukocytes and platelets.  Action: (i) Vasodilation, pain and fever (ii) Potentiates actions of other chemical mediators.

2. Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis (SRS- A) : Liberated from mast cells, basophils and neutrophils. Action: potentiates  the actions of other chemical mediators.

                  

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Myxoid Tumours of Soft Tissue

Classification of Soft Tissue Tumour

Gross examination of soft tissue specimen          

A practical approach to histopathological reporting of soft tissue tumours

Grading of soft tissue tumours

Lipomatous tumours

Neural tumours

Myogenic tumours

Fibroblastic/Myofibroblastic tumours

Myofibroblastic tumours

Fibrohistiocytic tumours

ChondroOsseous tumours

Soft TissueTumours of Uncertain Differentiation               

Notochordal Tumour - Chordoma

Extra-adrenal Paraganglioma

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour

Introduction of Pathology

An outline of Diagnostic Techniques available in Pathology

Cellular Injury

Diagram showing Structural Changes in Reversible and Irreversible Cell Injury

Autolysis

Heterolysis

Necrosis

Coagulation  (Coagulative) necrosis

Caseative (Caseous) necrosis

Liquefaction necrosis

Fat necrosis

Fibrinoid necrosis

Apoptosis

Gangrene

Pathologic Calcification

Hyaline Change

Pulmonary Pathology Online

Anatomy and Histology of the Normal Lung and Airways

Examination of pulmonary and pleural biopsies

Useful chromatic and immunostains in pulmonary pathology

Percutaneous Needle and Trucut Biopsy Specimen

Bronchial Biopsy Specimen

Transbronchial Biopsy Specimen

Transbronchial biopsy in lung transplant recipients

Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid  Malformation

Bronchopulmonary Sequestration

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Bronchial Asthma


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