Pathopedia-India.com: Inflammatory cells present in Acute and Chronic inflammation

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June 2009

Pulmonary Pathology Online

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Morphology of Leukocytes:

Visit: Inflammation ; Acute Inflammation ; Types of Acute Inflammation ; Chemical Mediators ; Chronic Inflammation ; Wound Healing .

1. Neutrophils:

Neutrophils predominate in acute inflammation and appear within 6 to 12 hours of onset. They are short lived and die within 24 to 48 hours. They liberate Lysosomal enzymes, Leukotrienes , Prostaglandins , Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis (SRS- A), and Platelet activating factors.

2. Macrophages:

These appear after neutrophils, at the site of acute inflammation, in subsequent 24 to 48 hours and is short lived. It is activated resulting in increased cell size, increased content of lysosomal enzyme and greater ability to kill ingested microbes and tumour cells. After the inflammation is cleared, it dies or removed through lymphatics causing regional lymphadenitis. Closely related cells are present in the bone marrow, circulating blood monocytes , tissue macrophages, sinus histiocytes in liver (Kupffers cell), spleen and lymph nodes, central nervous system (microglia) and lungs (alveolar macrophages).

3. Lymphocyte:

It releases Cytokines, Leukotrienes, and Prostaglandins. Immune granulomas are Type-IV hypersensitivity mediated by T-lymphocytes. T- lymphocytes have a reciprocal relationship to macrophages in chronic inflammation.

4. Plasma cells:

Plasma cell with eccentric nucleus

These are round or oval cells with cart-wheel, eccentric nucleus and formed from lymphoblasts. It forms most of the Immunoglobulins.

5. Eosinophils:

These are found in inflammatory sites around parasitic infections or immune reactions mediated by IgE. ( Example: Allergy). It contains a protein toxic to parasites and epithelial cells.

Definitions:

Leukocytosis means leukocyte count more than normal (11.0 x10⁹/L leukocytes). It is mainly seen in bacterial infection.

Leukemoid reactions are characterized by high leukocytosis (the WBC count is often in a range of 50.0-100.0 x10 ⁹/L ) and is associated with blasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes in the peripheral blood.

Neutrophilia is seen mainly in bacterial infections. Example: Lobar Pneumonia

Eosinophilia is usually seen in parasitic infections. Example: filariasis ; allergic conditions like bronchial asthma .

Monocytosis occurs in some virus infections. Example: Infectious Mononucleosis

Lymphocytosis is seen in some viral infections. Example: Mumps , Rubella .

Leukopenia is seen in most viral, rickettsial, and protozoal infections and some bacterial infections. Example: typhoid fever. It is also seen in overwhelming infection and in debilitated patients.